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TEST
#2 STUDY GUIDE:
Classifying World Cultural Diversity
Covering:
Terms to
Know:
- dialect
- pidgin
- creole
- phoneme
- morpheme
- kinesics
- paralanguage
- proxemics
- foraging
- horticulture
- pastoralism
- agriculture
- seasonal transhumance
- swidden (or slash and burn) farming
- reciprocity
- redistribution
- market exchange
- kula ring
- potlatch
- bands
- tribes
- chiefdom
- state
- headman
- bigman
- chief
- consanguineal kin
- affinal kin
- fictive kin
- incest taboos
- exogamy
- endogamy
- parallel cousins
- cross cousins
- monogamy
- serial monogamy
- polygamy
- polygyny
- polyandry
- levirate
- sororate
- patrilocal
- matrilocal
- avunculocal
- ambilocal
- neolocal
- bride price
- bride service
- dowry
- unilineal descent
- partilinial decent
- matrilineal descent
- bilineal descent
- ambilineal descent
- bilateral descent
- clans
- totems
Concepts
to Know:
- Be able to describe the difference between etic and emic
perspectives. Emic categories refer to the categorization
of things according to the way in which members of a society classify
their own world. Etic categories refer to the classification
of things according to some external system of analysis brought in
by a visitor to another society.
- Know the difference between symbols and signs.
- Be able to list and describe the four basic subsistence patterns
of subsistence patterns:
- foraging
- horticulture
- pastoralism
- intensive agriculture
- Be able to describe and contrast nomadism vs. transhumance.
- Reciprocity is exchange between social equals and occurs in three
degrees: generalized, balanced, and negative. Be able to describe
each.
- Be able to discuss the different forms of political leadership including
references to Life Without Chiefs and Ongka's Big Moka.
- Know about the connections between
subsistence, econimics and political organization. For instance,
If I were to ask you what type of subsistence pattern or poltical
leadership was found among bands you should be able to answer 1) foraging
and 2) headman and give the !Kung San as an example. see this
table for more details.
- Be able to recognize the six basic kin naming systems:
- Eskimo
- Hawaiian
- Sudanese
- Omaha, Crow, and Iroquois
- Be able to list and describe the five residence rules for newly
married couples:
- patrilocal
- matrilocal
- avunculocal
- ambilocal
- neolocal
- Be able to discuss how polygamy works and is changing using the
readings on the Masai, African polygamy and the film Masai Women.
Test
#2 Definitions
Emic categories refer
to the categorization of things according to the way in which members
of a society classify their own world.
Etic categories refer
to the classification of things according to some external system of
analysis brought in by a visitor to another society.
Symbol vs. signals (or
signs): symbols are sounds or gestures that stand for meaning that
has been assigned by a cultural tradition (its arbitrary), while signals
(or signs) are sounds or gestures that have a natural, self-evident
meaning.
Dialect: a variant of a language. If it is associated with a
geographically isolated speech community, it is referred to as a regional
dialect. However, if it is spoken by a speech community that is merely
socially isolated, it is called a social dialect.
Pidgin: a simplified,
makeshift language that develops to fulfill the communication needs
of people who have no language in common but who need to occasionally
interact for commercial and other reasons. Pidgins combine a limited
amount of the vocabulary and grammar of the different languages. People
who use pidgin languages also speak their own native language. Over
the last several centuries, dozens of pidgin languages developed as
Europeans expanded out into the rest of the world for colonization and
trade. There have been pidgins developed by non-European cultures as
well.
Creole: a pidgin language that has become the mother tongue of
a population. In Haiti, for example, a French-African pidgin became
the creole language that is spoken in that nation today by the majority
of the population as their principle or only language.
Phoneme: the smallest classes of sound that make a difference
in meaning.
Morpheme: the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning.
Kinesics: system of noting and analyzing postures, facial expressions
and body motions that convey messages.
Paralanguage: extra linguistic noises that accompany language:
crying, laughing, voice quality.
Proxemics: the study of interaction distances and other culturally
defined uses of space that affect communication.
Foraging: hunting and gathering wild plants and animals. AKA
hunting and gathering.
Horticulture: small-scale, low intensity farming.
Pastoralism: herding large domesticated animals.
Agriculture: large-scale, intensive farming.
Seasonal Transhumance: pattern of strict seasonal movement between
different environmental zones.
Swidden farming: an extensive form of horticulture in which the
natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned and crops
then planted amongst the ashes. AKA "Slash and burn farming"
Reciprocity: the exchange of goods and services between two parties.
Redistribution: a form of exchange in which goods flow into a
central place, where they are sorted, counted and reallocated.
Market Exchange: The buying and selling of goods and services
with prices set by powers of supply and demand.
Kula Ring: an example of balanced reciprocity in the form of
a circular trade network in the Trobriand Islands (shell necklaces and
armbands).
Potlatch: a ceremonial event in which a Native village chief
in coastal north-west America publicly gives away stockpiled food and
other goods that signify wealth.
Band: A small group of related households occupying a particular
region that gather on an ad hoc basis. Most egalitarian of all societies.
Tribe: A group of normally independent communities, villages
and/or descent groups, (often associated with non-intensive food production)
who share a common language, but lack formal government and social classes.
Chiefdom: a form of sociopolitical organization that is intermediate
between the tribe and the state. A regional polity where two or more
local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head
of a ranked hierarchy of people.
State: a centralized political system with characterized by formal
government and social classes. Leaders may use force to maintain social
order.
Headman: temporary and situational leadership based on task and
timing. A headman has no coercive power and can only appeal to reason.
This type of leadership is merely symbolic and occurs in relatively
egalitarian societies.
Bigman: a political figure beyond the household often associated
with tribal and pastoralists cultures and with prestige economies. The
position is achieved through charisma, generosity, eloquence, bravery,
physical fitness, and supernatural powers. He is an important regulator
of regional events (e.g. feasts and markets), but has not authority
and, like the headman, can only appeal to reason. Te office is not inherited
and must be earned through the prestige economy.
Chief: type of leadership invested in a hereditary office typically
associated with redistributive systems and agricultural economies. Chiefs
are truly authority figures & have some power to control people.
Consanguineal kin: relatives by birth; "blood" relatives.
Affinal kin: relatives by marriage.
Fictive kin: a socially recognized link between individuals created
as an expedient for dealing with special circumstances, such as the
bond between a godmother and her godchild. Fictive kinship bonds are
based on friendship and other personal relationships rather than marriage
and descent.
Incest Taboos: The prohibition of sexual relations between specified
individuals, usually parent-child and sibling relations at a minimum.
Exogamy: marriage outside the group.
Endogamy: marriage within a particular group or category of individuals.
Parallel Cousins: your father's brother's child or mother's sister's
child
Cross Cousins: your father's sister's child or mother's brother's child.
Monogamy: marriage in which an individual has a single spouse.
Serial monogamy: a marriage form in which a man or women marries
or lives with a series of partners in succession.
Polygamy: marriage in which an individual has two or more spouses
at the same time
Polygyny: marriage of a man to two or more women and the same
time.
Polyandry: marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time
Levirate: a marriage custom according to which a widow marries
a brother of her dead husband.
Sororate: a marriage custom according to which a widower marries
his dead wife's sister.
Patrilocal: a newly married couple moves in with or near the
groom's father's house.
Matrilocal: newly married couple moves in with or near the bride's
mother's house
Avunculocal: a newly married couple moves in with or near the
groom's maternal uncle's house.
Ambilocal: a newly married couple has the choice of living with
or near the groom's or the bride's family.
Neolocal: a married couple establishes a new residence independent
of both their relatives.
Nuclear family: a family unit consisting of husband, wife and
dependant children.
Extended families: a collection of nuclear families, related
by ties of blood, that live together in a household.
Bride Price: compensation the groom or his family pays to the
bride's family upon marriage.
Bride Service: a designated period of time after marriage when
the groom works for the bride's family.
Dowry: Payment of a women's inheritance at the time of her marriage,
either to her or to her husband.
Unilineal Descent: decent that established group membership exclusively
through either the mother's or the father's line
Partilineal Decent: descent traced exclusively through the male
line.
Matrilineal Descent: descent established exclusively through
the female line.
Bilineal Descent: double descent; a system tracing descent matrilineally
for some purposes and patrilineally for others.
Ambilineal Descent: descent in which the individual may affiliate
with either the mother's or the father's descent group.
Bilateral Descent: descent is traced from all ancestors regardless
of their gender. The bilateral descent principle is the most commonly
followed in North America and Europe today.
Clan: a decent group of several lineages whose members claim
descent from a common ancestor without actually knowing the genealogical
links to that ancestor.
Totem: particular animals, plants or objects that are associated
with a clan (i.e., the clan may believe that they are spiritually descended
from these totems).
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